Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use of steam power, and electricity were there for all to see, enjoy, and suffer. Science was fashionable and it is not surprising that, daring this great period of industrial development, scientific methods should be applied to the activities of man, particularly to those involved in the processes of production. Towards the end of the nineteenth century international competition began to make itself felt. The three industrial giants of the day, Germany, America, and Great Britain, began to find that there was a limit to the purchasing power of the previously apparently inexhaustible markets. Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial efficiency.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is generally acknowledged as being the father of the scientific management approach, as a result of the publication of his book, The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. However, numerous other academics and practitioners(实践者) had been actively applying such approaches since the beginning of the century. Charles Babbage, an English academic, well-known for his invention of the mechanical computer(with the aid of a government grant as long as 1820), applied himself to the costing of processes, using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.
Taylor was of well-to-do background and received an excellent education but, partly owing to troubles with his eyesight, decided to become an engineering apprentice. He spent some twenty-five years in the tough, sometimes brutal, environment of the US steel industry and carefully studied methods of work when he eventually attained supervisory status. He made various significant innovations in the area of steel processing, but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work, and his personal efforts that proved they could succeed in a hostile environment.
In 1901, Taylor left the steel industry and spent the rest of his life trying to promote the principles of managing scientifically and emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slave-driving methods common in his day. He died in 1915, leaving a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.
According to the passage, what was badly needed to improve industrial efficiency?
A.Great breakthroughs.
B.Unlimited purchasing power.
C.Science and competition.
D.International competition.
时间:2023-09-26 09:20:13
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()he was late, he was not criticized by the teacher.
A . Even though
B . Even if
C . As if
D . As though
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That she was entered in the REGISTER BOOK of this Society,with the Character +100A1 subject to Periodical Surveys as required by the Rules is likely to appear in ().
A . INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION CERTIFICATE
B . FUMIGATION AND GAS FREE CERTIFICATE
C . CERTIFICATE OF CLEANLINESS OF NATIONAL CARGO BUREAU,INC
D . CERTIFICATE OF CLASS
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()refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
A . Linguistic taboo
B . Euphemism
C . Address term
D . Slang
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The little boy was so fascinated by the mighty river that he would spend hours sitting on its bank and gazing at the passing boats and rafts.
A . very strong
B . very long
C . very great
D . very fast
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Butterfly Lovers tells the lovers in ancient China who are separated apart by the cruel_______society because of their different social status.
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Compared with Spender, the author was much more fascinated with W. H. Auden.
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The Tatler, a British literary and society journal begun by Richard Steele in 1709, featured cultivated essays on ( ).
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Why is K fascinated by the picture of pork and pineapple in the magazine?
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Will Mars become the new _____ (住处) of human beings? It seems many people are fascinated by the idea of settlement on Mars.
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___________ was also a critical realist. His novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of the society.
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After his visit to ______, C. Dickens' naive optimism about capitalist society was thus profoundly shaken.
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More was the first to see the relation between wealth and poverty, and to bring up the ideal of an advanced society— a communist society.
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With the trend of narcissism growing, the society might be dominated by ______.
A.aversion, rage, and hatred
B.impatience and intolerance
C.egotism, vanity, and conceit
D.deleterious human mentality
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Some of the notebooks George Washington kept as a young man are still in existence. They show that he was learning Latin, was very interested in the basics of good behaviour in society, and was reading English literature.
At school he seems only to have been interested in mathematics. In fact his formal education was surprisingly brief for a gentleman, and incomplete. For unlike other young Virginian gentlemen of that day, he did not go to the College of William and Mary in the Virginian capital of Williamsburg. In terms of formal training then, Washington contrasts sharply with some other early American Presidents such as John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. In later years, Washington probably regretted his lack of intellectual training. He never felt comfortable in a debate in Congress, or on any subject that had not to do with everyday, practical matters. And because he never learned French and could not speak directly to the French leaders, he did not visit the country he admired so much. Thus, unlike Jefferson and Adams, he never reached Europe.
What reason does the author give for Washington not going to college?
A.His family could not afford it.
B.A college education was rather uncommon in his times.
C.He didn't like the young Virginian gentlemen who went to college.
D.The author doesn't give any reason.
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The students were so fascinated by the______Yangtze River that they spent hours sitting on its bank and gazing at the passing boats and rafts.
A.median
B.mighty
C.measurable
D.maximal
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二十一世纪杯英语即兴演讲比赛试题,
if a children kills someone,by mistake or on purpose,who is really responsible-the child,the parents ,or society?
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That SHE WAS ENTERED IN THE REGISTER BOOK OF THIS SOCIETY,WITH THE CHARACTER +100A1 SUBJECT TO PERIODICAL SURVEYS AS REQUIRED BY THE RULES is likely to appear in ______.
A.INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION CERTIFICATE
B.FUMIGATION AND GAS FREE CERTIFICATE
C.CERTIFICATE OF CLEANLINESS OF NATIONAL CARGO BUREAU INC
D.CERTIFICATE OF CLASS
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"Equal pay for equal work" is a phrase used by the American women who feel that they are unfairly treated by society. They say it is not right for women to be paid less than men for the same work.
Some people say men have more duties than women. A married man is thought to earn money to support his family and to make the important decision, so it is right for them to be paid more. Some are even against married women working at all. When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children are given no attention to. (80) If women are encouraged by equal pay to take full-time jobs, they will be unable to do the things they are best at doing: making a nice home and bringing up children.
Women who disagree say they want to escape from the limited place which society wishes them to fill and to have freedom to choose between work and home life, or a mixture of the two. Women have the right not only to equal pay but also to equal chances.
The women use the phrase "equal pay for equal work" to ask society to _________.
A.pay men less than women
B.give Women harder work
C.pay men and women the same amount of money for the same work
D.pay people more who do harder work
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Young people all over the world are fascinated by science.
A.confused
B.inspired
C.frustrated
D.attracted
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Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person's place in a traditional society?
A.Family background.
B.Age.
C.Religious beliefs.
D.Custom.
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It was the responsibility of government to provide instruction so that the talented would be able to enter government service and thus perpetuate the moral and ethical foundation of society.
A.stabilize
B.launch
C.maintain
D.reinforce
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What did Wong do before she was external vice-president of Chinese University Society of Business Administration?
She worked as ______ of an exchange program.
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person's place in a traditional society?
A.Family background.
B.Age.
C.Religious beliefs.
D.Custom.
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It is impossible for people to avoid______by ads in the modern society.
A.to influenced
B.being influenced
C.to be influenced
D.influencing